Energy trilemma in times of crisis: The changing sociotechnical imaginaries of nuclear energy in Finland and Poland

The chapter explores the dynamic evolution of nuclear energy policies in Finland and Poland, particularly in response to the heightened energy crisis precipitated by the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. This crisis has emphasised the European Union’s push for energy independence from Russia, driving Baltic Sea Region countries towards a diversified energy mix and reducing reliance on Russian fossil fuels. The analysis applies the concept of sociotechnical imaginaries (STIs) to understand how societal values and aspirations influence and are influenced by nuclear energy policies. It details Finland’s historical collaboration with the Soviet Union and its recent shift away from Russian partnerships towards Western nuclear technologies and small modular reactors (SMRs). Conversely, Poland’s renewed commitment to nuclear power, notably free from Russian influence, highlights its long-standing national security agenda. The chapter traces the evolution of nuclear energy imaginaries in these countries from the 1960s to the present, illustrating how changing geopolitical and environmental contexts have reshaped policy responses and aspirations, reflecting at different times commitment to different dimensions of the energy trilemma – energy security, sustainability, and equity.